Say
“world-building” and most writers think “alien planets.” But every story
happens somewhere and that “somewhere” needs building...not just for science
fiction and fantasy but mysteries, westerns, spy thrillers, Regency romances,
and the Great American Novel. Historical settings must be researched. So does
any contemporary location not well known to the author. A real place a thousand
miles away or a decade in the past can be as “alien” as another planet. If the
plot uses supernatural elements — elves, magic, ghosts, psychics, vampires,
werewolves — it needs a background allowing them to exist. And of course any
fictional setting, even one close to the author’s Here and Now, needs to be
developed. Take the example of a small town. No two are alike. Fast food
franchises differ from area to area. So do supermarket and department store
chains. A farming or ranching community will have different stores than a
college town. Yearly rhythms are affected by harvest, working cattle, or the
college schedule. In the latter case, depending on the number of town residents
connected to the college, even the beginning and end of the grade and high
school year may be determined by the college semesters. Towns in areas with
tourist traffic or seasonal sports are likewise shaped by catering to the
tourists and sports. Working out those details is world-building.
And I love
it...whether creating a planet and aliens, building a fictional town, or checking
out the history and present-day aspects of a real place on Earth. Reading about
it, studying maps, talking to people who know it, traveling there if possible.
If I cannot go there personally...thank you for the Internet and Google maps,
where in many cities a street scene option lets me pick an address and
virtually stand at pavement level where I can turn 360 degrees to see what the
area looks like. The next best thing to being there. Constructing background is
like putting together a puzzle...figuring out all the little details...the
clothes, the food, the houses, local transportation, local amusements, local
slang. It is making up the rules for a ghost, as I did in my book Killer Karma,
determining out how he would move around, how he could become visible to
people. It is making up rules for a vampire in Blood Hunt, Bloodlinks and Blood
Games. Deciding that yes, he will have a reflection but no, he cannot enter a
dwelling uninvited, because that presents a dramatic obstacle for a vampire who
is also a cop. It is creating werewolves for Wilding Nights who do not have to
worry what happens to their clothes in shifting to wolf form. For me,
world-building is half the fun of writing the book. Never mind that most of the
information I work out will never appear in the novel.
A waste? Not at
all. Think of background as an iceberg. Only a small portion shows, those
details necessary for the story, but the unseen bulk is equally important. Not
only has it often suggested plot twists I might never have considered in the
context of my own Here and Now, it is crucial support for what does appear in
the story. When I read a novel, I want to feel as though I’m living in Harry
Potter’s Hogwarts, or Tony Hillerman’s Navaho country, or the ancient China of
Robert van Gulik’s Judge Dee. So I want my own books to give readers the same
kind of experience. Which I can’t do without knowing novel’s world so
thoroughly I am immersed in it as I write. I don’t want to end up with
something like a romance I read years ago...and always remember as a warning to
myself. Though set in South Africa, it had so little sense of place that the
characters seemed to speak their lines in front of a blank backdrop.
Memorable
characters might have saved the book for me, someone more than the stock naive
protagonist, the Heathcliff-like love interest, and the catty other woman.
Because while landscape sets mood and sometimes becomes a character in the
story — what would Wuthering Heights and The Hound of the Baskervilles be
without the brooding moors? — it doesn’t drive the story. Characters do
that...and what makes them interesting and uniquely who they are is their
background.
A big part of
what we’re doing in world-building, then, is really culture-building. Culture
envelops each of us from the moment of birth...permeating our lives,
influencing us at fundamental but unconscious levels to shape our attitudes,
our prejudices, our reactions. We know it is Harry Potter’s fate to fight
Voldemort, but I think that because he was deprived of friends and a sense of
belonging while living with the Dursleys, part of what drives his courage is
the desire to protect the world of magic where he has found friends and a sense
of belonging. Judge Dee believes in spirits because his ancient China does. In
his time it was also considered acceptable to use torture in questioning
criminal suspects, and because he is a man of his time, Dee uses torture. In
Tony Hillerman’s mysteries, Jim Chee and Joe Leaphorn are both Navaho
policemen. But in Leaphorn’s boyhood, Indian children were taken from their
families to boarding schools, where their own language and culture were
forbidden in a government effort to assimilate the Navahoes into American
society. As a result Leaphorn lacks emotional connection to traditional Navaho
beliefs and looks on many of them as superstition. Jim Chee grew up on the
reservation. He embraces his culture, and feels so strongly about it that he
wants to be a shaman. The difference in their boyhoods affects how the two
think and how they approach their police work. The traditional fear of the chindi,
an evil spirit left after a person’s death, makes Chee reluctant to touch a
corpse. Leaphorn has no such qualms. I want my characters, too, behaving in
accordance with their own personalities and background, not mine. My werewolves
in Wilding Nights are a separate species from humans who by passing as human
have survived the extinction suffered by other hominids such as the
Neanderthals. So while they live among humans, they wear masks, hiding their
non-human attitudes, rituals, customs. Taking the wolf form uses massive
amounts of energy so they have equally massive appetites that astonish the
unknowing humans they work with. Their homes are built with walk-in
restaurant-style refrigerators.
Like writing
itself, there are as many ways to go about world-building as there are authors.
All of them correct when they work. It is only wrong to skip doing it. You risk
ending up with that the South African romance...or a Star Trek novel I read,
where the Vulcans came across as American Suburbanites. Culture is so much a
part of us that we tend to be unaware of its influence, and if a story’s
background has not been fully worked out, our subconscious will likely fill the
gaps with the only culture it knows...our own. Which, as in the Star Trek book,
may not work. Or we can make erroneous assumptions. The Colt Peacemaker and the
Old West seem synonymous, but if we have a Civil War veteran heading west in
1866 packing the Colt, Western fans will flay us. They know the Colt wasn’t
manufactured until 1873.
Being a
compulsive — some would say anal — organizer, I world-build by working through
a checklist of fifty-plus culture-related categories. A checklist I developed
by reading a slew of anthropological studies and seeing what criteria the pros
use to describe a culture. Though I type my notes on a computer — up to a page
or so per category, using as many categories as necessary (fewer being
necessary the closer I am to my own Here and Now) — I print it out along with
character biographies and make up a loose-leaf binder for easy reference while
writing. The binder also contains maps, sometimes floor plans of relevant
buildings, often pictures of story locations if it has a real-life setting, and
pictures of vehicles the characters drive. In the case of an alien planet, I do
sketches of animals and the aliens themselves.
It works well
for me, but while other writers like and use my checklist, we agree that the
tome I produce can be all wrong for another writer. Leafing through one of my
background books, science fiction writer Jack Williamson confided that when he
tried something similar in his early writing days, by the time he finished
putting so much effort into the background, he had no creative energy left for
the book itself and never wrote it. That is not a result we want. Mystery
writer Charlaine Harris awes me because she keeps the worlds and characters of
her Sookie Stackhouse, Aurora Teagarden, and Harper Connelly series in her head.
I know other writers who do, too. More power to them. They all amaze me. Still
other writers, for whom the writing process is one of discovering the story,
say they make up background as they go along. One told me that if she knew all
about the book before she started, the story would be told and no longer
interesting enough for her to write down. I wonder, though, if the subconscious
of such writers isn’t at work madly hammering that background together beneath
their awareness. In any case, the method works for them...perhaps because they
have the experience and skill to pull it off.
Books written
that way by young writers too often tend to read like the authors made it up as
they went along. Which may have been the case with the Star Trek novel. I feel
that at least in the beginning, a writer should consciously work out details
about their story background. Which does not have to be as involved or time
consuming as my tomes. Some note cards or a computer file equivalent may be
sufficient. Whatever it takes to help the author make his setting feel real and
complete.
World-building
does have a couple of pitfalls to watch out for. Such as killing a book by
becoming so engrossed in creating the background that it turns from a tool to
an end in itself. I always watch to make sure I’m not tinkering with background
beyond alterations necessary to make the plot and characters work. After doing
extensive background research on a subject, say San Francisco’s 1906 Great
Quake and Fire, it is a huge temptation to cram all those fascinating facts
into the story and not “waste” them. Which is why I have a picture of an
iceberg prominently displayed on my bulletin board, reminding me to use only
what the story needs.
Because the
story is the point of it all, and world-building, however important, whether a
game or labor, accomplished by whatever method, must in the end do just one
thing...provide the characters with a solid and suitable place for telling
their tale.
Killer Karma
Inspector Cole Dunavan finds himself in the middle of a parking garage with no memory except of his murder. After remembering who he is and accepting that he is now a ghost, he has more problems. He is a ghost with no idea how being a ghost works. No one sees or hears him. He cannot move objects and initially cannot move through closed doors. He learns to his horror that his body has not been found, and everyone thinks he has run off with a woman who is actually an informant. A woman whose life he may have put in danger. He must save her, find his killer, and show his wife he has remained faithful.
"Killough
keeps the action driving forward, but does not neglect character
development. We get to know our protagonist's loved ones, and to care
about them. We begin to understand why the antagonists do what they do.
Will there be any justice? Will anyone find out what happened to him,
or will they believe the false report circulating? And if they do find
out, what then? Killough does not give us easy answers. The climax of
Killer Karma is a marvelous crescendo, both complex and poignant." ~ Sherwood Smith
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Killer KarmaInspector Cole Dunavan finds himself in the middle of a parking garage with no memory except of his murder. After remembering who he is and accepting that he is now a ghost, he has more problems. He is a ghost with no idea how being a ghost works. No one sees or hears him. He cannot move objects and initially cannot move through closed doors. He learns to his horror that his body has not been found, and everyone thinks he has run off with a woman who is actually an informant. A woman whose life he may have put in danger. He must save her, find his killer, and show his wife he has remained faithful.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lee Killough has been storytelling since the age of four or five, when she started making up her own bedtime stories, then later, her own episodes of her favorite radio and TV shows. So of course when she discovered science fiction and mysteries about age eleven, she began writing her own science fiction and mysteries. It took a husband, though, years later, to convince her to try selling her work. Her first published stories were science fiction and one short story, "Symphony For a Lost Traveler", was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1985.
She used to joke that she wrote SF because she dealt with non-humans every day...spending twenty-seven years as chief technologist in the Radiology Department at Kansas State University's Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. At the same time, she also used to train horses. She has lived most of her life in Kansas, but when her late husband was in the Air Force at the end of the sixties, they lived two unforgettable years in Washington D.C. During which she witnessed the hippie invasion of Georgetown, the Poor People's march on D.C., urban riots that set fires in neighborhoods close to theirs, and their neighborhood crawling with police and FBI for a day while law enforcement tracked two men who gunned down an FBI agent a few blocks from their home.
Because she loves both SF and mysteries, her work combines the two genres. Although published as SF, most of her novels are actually mysteries with SF or fantasy elements...with a preference--thanks to a childhood hooked on TV cop shows--for cop protagonists. She has set her procedurals in the future, on alien words, and in the country of dark fantasy. Her best known detective is vampire cop Garreth Mikaelian, of Blood Hunt and Bloodlinks, reprinted together in an omnibus edition BloodWalk. She is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Mystery Writers of America, and Sisters In Crime.
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